The moat
Duopoly, workflow lock-in, and the exploding verification burden at each node. Intangible process knowledge. Scale in R&D that a third engine cannot fund.
Pain, risk, or retraining required to leave.
The product gets better as more people use it.
Patents, data, licenses, process knowledge, regulation.
Fixed costs spread over a volume rivals cannot match.
Structural ability to be the low-cost producer.
Pricing power from trust, habit, or identity.